A
| ＃400 Polish | Generally it is called #400 Buff Polish. Refer to "Buffing". |
|---|---|
| 2B Finish | Refer to Similar to "Skin pass". |
| 3A | Symbol for 3A Sanitary Standards Symbol Administrative Council. The 3A Sanitary Standard was created by the dairy industry as a voluntary benchmark for product performance and safety. |
| Ability to Flatten | Refers to the characteristic of metal of sustaining shape after application of force. By Flatting and Stretching, the applicability to make foil, deep drawing, and wire. |
| AES/SIMS | The machine having two analytical functions of Auger Electron Spectroscopy and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrograph. |
| Age Hardening | Alloys with solution heat treatment are unstable due to the rapid cooling not allowing alloy elements to form deposits. These alloy elements try to sustain stable form as age, and slowly appear as deposit. Due to this deposition, the crystalline become harder. This phenomenon is called age hardening. There are room temperature age hardening and artificial age hardening, and the later is also called deposit hardening treatment. |
| AISI | American Iron and Steel Institute |
| Alloy Steel | A steel to which one or more alloying elements other than carbon have been deliberately added (e.g. chromium, nickel, molybdenum) to achieve a particular physical property. |
| Aluminum Die Set | Refer to "Die Set" |
| Aluminum Molding | Refer to "Mold Base" |
| Alumite Process | A hard coating used to protect aluminum handles from corrosion and scratches. |
| Alumite Touch Imprint | The part where alumite treatment wasw not applied since it was held by the machine while alumite treated. |
| Alumite Treatment | Refer to "Alumite", "Hard Alumite" |
| Anneal | Stress relief of stainless steel, a heat treatment to remove the stresses generated in forming and welding operations. Done correctly, parts are processed to provide minimum residual stresses and full corrosion resistance. |
| Annealing | Heat the material to the appropriate temperature and maintain at the temperature then cool down. The purpose of this process is to exclude residual impurities, improve the ability to grind, and cold room workability, reorganizing the crystalline structures, and achieve mechanical and physical characters. It is also called O-material. |
| Annealing Temperature | |
| Anoxic Copper | It is also called "Anoxic Highly Conductive Coppers". It refers to deoxidizing agents such as phosphorus, zinc, and lithium and also refers to non oxygen containing copper. They are highly electric conductivity and made from an electrolytic coppers refined and casted at anoxic zone. Having the advantage of tough pitch copper (high electric conductivity) and of phosphoric anoxic copper (the ability to weld, high resistance against hydrolysis). |
| ANSI | American Iron and Steel Institute, Abbreviation |
| Anti-Swing Plates | Refer to "Swing Resisting Plate" |
| AP - Acid Picking | Also called "Descale". Heat rolling process creates a acid coat called scales on the surface of the metal due to the heat applied. To clean this coat by submerging the material in the acidic liquid is called acid polish. After acid polish, the material is either dried and become a product or sent to the next processing steps (cold roll). |
| Arc アーク |
Most of intense light belong to ultra violet. It also include visible light and infrared light. The temperature is approximately 2500 to 3500℃. |
| Arc cutting アーク切断 |
Cutting with arc heat. |
| Artificial Aging | Refer to "Age Hardening" "Deposition Hardening" |
| ASME | American Society of Machine Engineers, Abbreviation |
| ASTM | American Society for Testing and Materials, Abbreviation |
| Austenite ＊Austenite Stainless Steel |
The molten γiron with face-centered cubic lattice containing the maximum of 2.1 % carbon. It is a stable structure at the very high temperature above 727℃, and generally does not exist at room temperature. However by adding large quantity of Ni and Mn, this hexagonal austenaite crystalline structure can be obtained at room temperature. The austenite steels represented by 18Cr-8Ni have austenite structure with excellent workability, resistance to corrosion and softness. The ability to weld is also superb, but they have less ability to grind and show no annealing hardening properties. Austenite steels are also non magnetic; however, by treatment, martensite characteristics can be induced thus magnetism can be induced. On the other hand, when martensite has residual austenite structure, it is referred to as residual austenite. |
| Automatic Arc Welded Steel Tubes | It is used for stainless steel tubes. Refers to the steel tubes made by forming tubes from steel plates or bands and connected by TIG welding, plasma arc welding or MIG welding. |
| Automatic Welding | The welding done by the automated welding machine. |
| AWS |
American Welding Society, Abbreviation |
B
| B1 Alumite | The alumite coat thickness：9μm |
|---|---|
| B2 Alumite | The alumite coat thickness：6μm |
| BA - Bright Annealed | BA stands for Bright Annealed. The material is annealed in either the neutral atmosphere furnace or the vacuum furnace. It is different from the regular annealed products which are annealed in the atmosphere with acid wash, the surface smoothness, shine, and precision in measurement are better. It is used for the atomic furnace, biochemical machines, testing machines, semi-conductor facilities, hazardous materials, and high purity gas burning machines. It is also suitable for the usage in the electric valves and food processing machines. |
| BA Finish （BA） | Refer to "BA" |
| Barking | In order to lower the condensation temperature to get rid of minute amount of water left inside the pipe, after precision wash and drying in class 1000 clean room, the pipes are heated to the temperature of 150-200℃ for approximately 30 to 120 minutes electronically while being blown with the nitrogen gas at the speed of 4-8m/second. |
| Barrel-Polishing | The material is rotated with polishing agents in the barrel. There are dry and wet barrel polishing. It is done for aesthetic purpose. |
| Bend Test | It is a test which a piece of metal to be tested is bent with the radius of specification and deformed. Then the bent inner surface is checked for the presence of any cracking or imperfection to judge either pass or fail. |
| Billet | A solid semi finished round or square product that has been hot worked by forging, rolling or extrusion. For seamless tubular products, the billet is heated and pierced to form a tube hollow. |
| Blow Hole | Blow holes (bubble or air hole) are the pin holes not completely closed. Usually those hole are flattened out by rolling and appeared like lines. However, very small pin holes appear as pit due to corrosion. |
| Brazing | Brazing is a method of joining metal parts together by fusing a layer of brass between the adjoining surfaces. A red heat is necessary and a flux is used to protect the metal from oxidation. |
| Bright Annealed | Refer to "BA" |
| Brinell Hardness Test | The Brinell hardness test for steel, involves impressing a ball 10 mm diameter, of hard steel or tungsten carbide, with a loading of 3000 kilogrammes into the steel surface. The hardness of the steel is then determined by measurement of the indentation. For steels with a hardness over 500 BHN the Vickers test is more reliable. |
| Brittleness | The test to measure the press hardness by using a sphere to make a spherical indentation on the surface to be tested. The force applied is divided by the surface area of indentation calculated by using diameter of the spherical indentation. |
| BS | British Standards, Abbreviation |
| Buffing | Mechanical Polishing using cloths or buffering rings to shine the product. |
| Burst Test | A destructive hydraulic test employed to determine actual yield strength and ultimate strength of both seamless and welded pipe. |
| Bush | The parts pushed into the plates (usually ring shape). |
C
| Cake | Also called slab. It refers to the thick flat plate shaped ingot. It is differentiated from the cylinder shaped billet. |
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| Carbon Steel | Steel made by mixing ion and carbon. Usually contains 0.02 to 3% of carbon. Also, it usually contains small amount of silicon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur. For the convenience, carbons steel is classified as followings. *Based on Carbon Content Low Carbon Steel、Medium Carbon Steel、High Carbon Steel *Based on Toughness Very Soft Steel、Soft Steel, Hard Steel |
| Casting - Lost Wax Methods | Melt the metal and pour into the mold and form into the shape is casting. It can mass produce hollow part and complicated figures. Sand cast and die cast are often used but for the highly precise product, lost wax (wax cast) is appropriate. Generally compare to rolled or forged products, the products made by casting have less hardness and toughness as well as pin holes are often created. However many actins have been taken to improves these short comings. |
| Cavity （hole） | The cavities created by forging or welding is either gas (blow hole, bin hole, boiling) or pulling (pulling hole). For the pulling hole, there are open shape (outside pulling=it is distinguished from dent) or closed (center full=collection of small crystalline). When the cavity collects sand, slag, black lead, it can cause defect. |
| Centerless Grinding | The material is inserted in between two rotating grinding stones and grinded. It has better precision, surface roughness compare to others. |
| Charpy Impact Test | A method to measure an impact force, in which the piece to be tested is supported at two ends and the force is applied in the center in order to measure impact force. The impact force is calculated by dividing energy absorbed by the broken piece divided by the surface area of the broken parts. Generally the smaller Charpy impact test value is, the more fragile the material is. |
| Checkered Plates | Refer to "Checker plates" |
| Chelate Wash | The washing process of the residues attached on the surface such as iron rust (rust) by submerging the products in the liquid with chelate agent. |
| Chemical Properties | Normally associated with a limited number of chemical elements; however, depending upon the specification, practically a full analysis may be required. Minimum or maximum limits are established in Standards. |
| Chipping | Small nicks in a knife, small nicks. |
| Clad Plate | One kind of drainage material made by two different kinds of metals are attached by rolling or adhesion in order to improve the hardness and corrosion resistance. |
| Clean Room | The clean room "Class" is defined by the number and size of particle present in the 1cf (1 square feet) space. The cleanness is indicated by the class. |
| Clear Coating | Clear paint applied to the surface of alumite to improve resistance to climate. |
| Closed Die Forging | Forging method in which material is pressed into metal mold impression. There is one which creates burr and one which does not. |
| Coefficient of Thermal Expansion | The expansion caused by alternation of temperature. The expansion is indicated by the elongation from the original length per a degree temperature rise. N/mm²(kgf/mm²) |
| Coil Cut Products | In the stainless steel industry, the cut length set by the manufacture is called "First grade sheet" or "Manufacture cut length". In order to distinguish the coil products in the coil distribution, they are called CC plates (Coiled Cut). However, the distinction has been becoming vague. Sometimes thin plates cut products are also called CC. |
| Cold Drawn | Pipe or tubing which is pulled through a die to reduce diameter and wall. This process usually produces closer tolerances and higher strength. |
| Cold Forging | Forged metal by using cold forging. |
| Cold Processing Rate | Refer to "Processing Rate" |
| Cold Roll | Refer to "Roll" |
| Cold Shortness | Steel shows significant brittleness at temperature range of -20 to 30℃. Especially significant among the steel with high phosphorus (P) content. Austenite stainless steels shows relatively superb cold resistance. Aluminum does not show brittleness until extremely low temperature range. |
| Cold Working | Work hardening, strain hardening, or cold work is the strengthening of a material by, macroscopically speaking, plastic deformation (which has the nano-scopic effect of increasing the material's dislocation density). As the material becomes increasingly saturated with new dislocations, more dislocations are prevented from nucleating (a resistance to dislocation-formation develops). This resistance to dislocation-formation manifests itself as a resistance to plastic deformation; hence, the observed strengthening. |
| Continuous Casting | The method used to make a long continuous metal piece. The molten metal is poured into the casting without the bottom and the solidified metal is pulled out continuously. Some products may used in gunmetal (bullet casting). Metal products made by continuous casting has fine uniform structure without internal lacuna, and has almost no segregation. |
| Continuous Weld | In common usage, a phrase for continuous butt weld. Furnace welded pipe produced in continuous lengths from coiled skelp and subsequently cut into individual lengths, having its longitudinal butt joint forge welded by the mechanical pressure developed in rolling the hot formed skelp through a series of round pass welding rolls. |
| Controlled atmosphere heat treatment | The atmosphere inside the burner is controlled depending on the type of heating treatments. There are various kinds of atmosphere such as oxidative, reductive, inert, carbonic, and nitrogenous. |
| Corrosion | Defined as "the corrosion of metal due to chemical or electrical factors in the surrounding environment"; however, it is mostly caused by the electrochemical reaction. There sometime it is referred as "Electric corrosion". The electrochemical reaction is the reaction between the negative ion within the metal and the negative ions created by water or environment cause cell action and also is the reaction induced by the difference in the electrical potential. In addition, corrosion often takes place through water or moisture medium and thus it is called moisture corrosion. |
| Corrosion Resistance | The corrosion resistance means that the material having ability to resist corrosion. Usually iron is know to be easily rust while stainless steel, aluminum and Copper-Brass are not. However, it does not mean that those metals do not corrode but more resistance against corrosion. The corrosion is due to intrinsic factors such as metal structure and inner stress, processing factors such as welding, bending and surface treatment, and extrinsic factors such as moisture, temperature, acid and other chemicals, and the environment the metals is used in. It may be due to one factor or combination of factors that influence corrosion resistance. Generally, austenite stainless steel and #5000 aluminum, and bronze are thought to have good corrosion resistance but metals with high Ni alloy elements have good corrosion resistance. |
| Coupling | Threaded sleeve used to connect two lengths of pipe. |
| Crack | Crack can be either penetrating through the material or not. Usually spread from the surface to the inner part. |
| Crack Corrosion | The phenomenon in which cracks made during the production become corroded and often seen among stainless steel and aluminum. Commonly seen at the space less than 1/100 such as the connections between materials, welded parts, and the under the dust or residue. |
| Creep Resistance | The phenomenon which the distortion created by the stress increases as the time is called creep. The resistance to this phenomenon. |
| Creep Strength | The phenomenon which the distortion created by the stress increases as the time is called creep. The resistance to this phenomenon. |
| Cut Lengths | Pipe cut to a specific length as ordered. |
| Cut Off Value | The cross sectional curve made by cutting off the curve above certain wavelength is called rough curve and the wavelength used is called cut off value. |
| CW | Continuous Weld a method of producing small diameter pipe (1/2 - 4") |
D
| Decreasing Wash | Refers to the degreasing wash with alkaline solution. It cleans grease and dust on the surface of the metal or polymers. |
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| Deep Draw ability | The ability of the material to be drawn into the dice hole. Depending on the deep draw ability, metals are classified as being able to draw, deep draw able, and extremely deep draw able. |
| Deposition Hardening Treatment | The artificially induced deposition hardening after the solution heat treatment. The deposition hardening. The representative examples are beryllium copper, #600 stainless steel, #2000, 6000, 7000 aluminum alloys. Deposition hardening as a heating treatment is done by artificially raising the temperature and induce the movement of the atoms and then cooling, speeding up the deposition hardening process. For the aluminum alloy, it is the same as tempering. The deposition hardening process done at the room temperature is called [Room temperature deposition hardening treatment] or [Natural deposition hardening treatment]. For aluminum alloy, it is used for T4 products which are differentiated from products with artificial deposition hardening (T6). |
| Descale | Refer to "Acid wash" |
| Dew Point Corrosion | It is hard to prevent this natural corrosion process caused by dew condensation with water or acid on the metal surface. The preventative measure be to demudify, keep temperature alteration minimal, and shut out air. |
| Dice | For pullout wire dice, there are chilled dice, steel dice, tungsten dice, diamond dice and hard alloy dice. |
| Die Casting | It is one of the most well known forging method of pouring pressed molten metal into the metal mold. It has excellent measurement precision and the forging surface is as good as machine finish and it is suitable for producing large quantity. It is used for the metals with lower melting temperature such as zinc alloys, aluminum alloys and yellow coppers. |
| Die Set | One kind of tools used for the press treatment. It consists of the punch holder attaching trimming and bending die to the pressing machine, two die holding plates, and supporting poles (guide post). There are many standardized types. The plates are generally made of steels. |
| Die Stamping | Permanent marking placed on pipe as required by some specifications. |
| DIN | German National Standard, Abbreviation. German Name：Deutsche Industries-Norman |
| Draw (D) | It is the process which the material is pulled out through the pre-determined shape of a metal mold (dice). Tubes, round rods, and flat rods are made by this process. Highly precise products can be made. When this process is done in the cold room, process hardening will occur. |
| Draw Bench | Refers to the stand to support the dice or draw head used to pull out wire, rod and tubes. |
| Dry Passivation | Refer to "O² Passivation" |
E
| Eddy Current Testing - ECT | Non destructive testing method in which eddy current flow is induced in the test object. Changes in the flow caused by variations in the object are reflected into a nearby coil or coils for subsequent analysis by suitable instrumentation and techniques. |
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| Elastic Limit | Rubber bands and tires are stretched and deformed by applying the tensile stress but there is the limit point above which they do not totally go back to their original forms. This stress W divided by the original cross sectional area Ao is called elastic limit. Elastic limit ＝W/Ao (kgf/mm²） |
| Elasticity | Rubber bands and tires are stretched and deformed by applying the tensile stress but when the stress is relieved, they go back to their original form. This characteristic is called elasticity. On the other hand the material like clay is said to have plasticity. (Elasticity←→Plasticity). The products made by the elasticity characteristic has tension and the spring back observed when a metal plate is bend is due to elasticity. |
| Electric Discharging | It is the process in which arc discharge is repeatedly induced between the material and pre-formed electrodes, creating the indentation in the reversal duplication configuration in the liquid having insulation properties (illuminating kerosine) |
| Electric Polished | Refer to "EP" |
| Electrical Conductivity IACS | Set the conductivity of the Standard Soft Copper Volume Resistance as 100%, indicating the substance's conductivity at the same temperature. The higher the number, the better the conductivity. Electrical Conductivity＝ Standard Soft Copper Volume Resistance Coefficient 1.7241/The Substance Volume Resistance Coefficient x 100 （20℃） ICAS，% |
| Elongation (%) | The value calculated by the length of elongation when it was broken divided by the original length of the material multiplied by 100%. |
| Emboss | Process of producing upon various materials designs or patterns in relief by mechanical means. The material is pressed between a pair of dies especially adapted to its hardness and the depth of the design needed. A felt counter or female die is employed for embossing fabrics, while metal, millboard, or cardboard is used for embossing metal, cardboard, or paper. Leather for bookbinding and wood for furniture ornamentation are die stamped while wet. Embossing differs from other relief design processes, such as repoussé, chasing, carving, and leather tooling, in being machine wrought. |
| End Mill | All-inclusive term of shank type slicing having cutting blade around the outer diameter and edge. |
| EP - Electro-polished | Generally, it is a polishing method, which the material to be polished is placed and electrolyzed as cathode, and the gap space is made between cathode and anode in phoric acid, sodium, nitric acid solutions. It is often used for the inner surfaces of pipes, tanks, and chambers to improve erosion resistance and cleanness. |
| Etching | The method creating decorative three dementional patterns on the metal plate made by placing the serigraph and biting in the patterns by strong acid. It is often used for the doors of the elevators. |
| Extrude (E) | The process in which heated billet (cylinder shaped ingot) is inserted in the tubular container with dice and pushed through the dice (metal mold) placed at the exit. Usually the billetis heated to ease the pushing. This method can be used to create non iron metal rods, tubes, and other shape using aluminum alloys, coppers, and yellow coppers. The 63S product lines used as sash materials are the representative examples. |
F
| Face bend test | The test in which the welded joint surface is bent to become pulling side. |
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| Face Mill | Having blades on one end and outer diameter surface. It is usually standing slicker used for flat surface cutting. |
| Face-Centered Cubic Lattice | Crystalline lattice having the same X, Y. Z directional lengths, which are oriented perpendicular to each other. Not only having four atoms situated at four corners of the square faces but also one atom is situated in the center of each cube. |
| Fatigue Limit | When the metals are bent repeatedly, it will be cut with the force much less than the force required to cut by pulling. This is called fatigue rupture. For the copper, the smaller the stress becomes, the repetition required to cut will increase, and when the stress become less than certain force, it tends to become harder to rupture despite of the repetitions. This limit is called fatigue limit. For non-metals, this fatigue limit is rather vague and the stress (S) which resists the repetition number (N) over 10,000,000 times is called Fatigue Strength and indicated as (So). Fatigue limit is important indication to compare the strength of metals. Generally it is also called as Metal Fatigue. ＊Refer to "S-N Curve", "Resistance to Metal Fatigue" |
| Ferrite - Ferrite Stainless Steel | Ferrite is the molten solution of the α iron having body-centered cubic lattice containing maximum of 0.02% carbon. It is the softest steel structure of all, having good stretch ability. It is strongly magnetic at the room temperature. The disadvantage of ferrite is that it is easily rusted. However by adding large quantity of Cr, ferrite stainless steel has relatively superior corrosion resistance ranked as austenite, ferrite, and martensite. It has superb workability and weld ability but does not have annealing hardening. Ferrite Stainless Steel also is strongly magnetic. |
| Flatness | The deviation between the geometric flatness and that of the machine. |
| Flattening Test | A quality test for pipe in which a specimen is flattened between parallel plates that are closed to a specified height. |
| Flowability | The flowability of the power particles through the limited space such as through the opening of die assembly. |
| Foil | Refers to the characteristic of metal of sustaining shape after application of force. By Flatting and Stretching, the applicability to make foil, deep drawing, and wire. |
| Forging (F) ＊＊Free Forging (FH) ＊＊Mold Forging (FD) ＊＊Hot Forging ＊＊Cold Forging |
When the metals are shaped by pounding, it is called forging. Free forges( FH ) is made by pounding the material in order to create the large products in small quantity. When mold is used, it is called Mold Forging (FD), which is suitable for mass production, complicated figures and small objects. When materials are heated to high temperature (800-1200℃ for copper) is called Hot Forging and it improves the materials' toughness and corrosion resistance while small, precise and detailed shape can be attained. Finally forging in the low temperature is called Cold Forging. Cold Forging is suitable for the material with good elasticity and it also can create very tough and precise products. |
| Forging crack | It refers to the cracking in the middle caused by inappropriate forging or rolling process. |
G
| Galvanic Corrosion | Refers to electrochemical corrosion. Refer to "Corrosion" |
|---|---|
| Galvanizing | Covering of iron or steel surfaces with a protective layer of zinc (weight defined in specifications). |
| Gasket | Refers to thin punch0out plate inserted in between cylinder head and cylinder. Improves air tightness and also called packing. |
| Geometrical moment of inertia | The geometric moment of inertia of a plane figure about an axis in or perpendicular to the plane is the integral over the area of the figure of the square of the distance from the axis. Also known as second moment of area. |
| Grain - Grain Size | Most of the metals consist of many crystalline lattice, and each crystal is called grain. The boundary of the grain is called grain boundary, and because impurities tend to collect at this grain boundary, the grain boundary is exposed to the [Grain boundary corrosion]. The size of the grain is called grain size, and it influences the degree of rough surface when the metal is bent. The grain size increase as the metal is heated above the re-crystallization temperature and grain size varies among the same materials depending of the methods of heating treatments. Generally annealing increases the grain size. The grain size of the metals is approximately between 0.01mm to 0.1mm. |
H
| Hair crack | Small crack like a hair caused by corrosion. |
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| Hard Anodized - Aluminum | The surface treatment of the aluminum and aluminum alloy. The hardness (HV) above 350 is called hard alumite. It has excellent corrosion and abrasion resistance. The coating is made by either the low grade temperature method using sulfuric acid and at the temperature below 10℃ or the room temperature method using organic and sulfuric acid mixture and at the room temperature. |
| Harden ability | Harden ability indicate the property , which controls the deepness and hardness of after quenching. It is convenient to use harden ability testing to compare and contrast the depth of quenching. |
| Hardness | The definition of hardness is [ Based on the resistance to the deformation when one object is pressed against the other object]. However usually hardness is measured by comparing the values of HB, HS, HRC, and HV. Generally hard material shows superb strength and resistance to abrasion while less stretchable. In addition because hardness is closely related to the tensile strength (kgh/mm2=0.101972N), it can be calculated as following. The values of HB< HS, HRC, and HV should be confirmed by the conversion list but approximately as indicated as following. HV≒HB HS≒HB/10+12 HS≒HRC+15 |
| Hardness Test | The tests to measure the mechanical strength of the materials, which can be divided into two categories: Pressed strength (HB, HV, HR) and Repulsion strength (HS) |
| Heat Resistance | Steel alloys having resistance to acid, corrosion, and hardness at high temperature conditions. Usually containing the alloy elements such as chrome, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, and others. Mainly, they are divided by four categories based on their structures; martensite, ferrite, austenite, and deposit hardening type. In addition, when the total concentration of alloy elements exceed 50% of the total, those metals are called super heat resistance steel alloys or super steel alloys. |
| Heat Resisting Steel | Steel alloys having resistance to acid, corrosion, and hardness at high temperature conditions. Usually containing the alloy elements such as chrome, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, and others. Mainly, they are divided by four categories based on their structures; martensite, ferrite, austenite, and deposit hardening type. In addition, when the total concentration of alloy elements exceed 50% of the total, those metals are called super heat resistance steel alloys or super steel alloys. |
| Heat Treatment | The treatment done at above the re-crystallization temperature is called heat treatment, which includes hot roll, hot pushing out, and hot forging. (Refer to "Roll") |
| Heat-Treatable Alloy | One kind of aluminum alloys. It has certain toughness due to quenching and tempering and for the expanded materials, #2000, #6000, and #7000 products are this kind of alloys. Often after the heat treatment, it may be treated by cold treatment in order to achieve more toughness. Usually it is indicated as TX, Txx, or Txxx except F and O materials. [Heat-Treatable Alloy]↔[Non-heat Treatable Alloy] |
| Helisert | Highly precise coils made of steels or blue coppers. They are inserted in between male and female screws. Having high abrasion and corrosion resistance, dispersing the stress thus reduces the stress of the screws. |
| High Damping Sheet | The plates having a property to shut off the noise or reduce nose. There are two types of high damping sheet: the two layered and the sandwich. The two layered damping sheet is made by attaching the steel plate with the damping material. The sandwich is made by sandwiching a viscoelastic polymer resin. The sandwich type is better in terms of shutting off the nose and it is often used for compressor, motor cover and shutters. The stainless steel high damping sheet is also being developed. |
| High Frequency Resistance Welding | A type of welding methods performed by flowing high frequency (200Kc-2Mc) electric current throught the base material using a contact and heating up material the material to be welded. It is suitalbe for the welding of pipes and usually stainless steel pipes are welded by this method. It has the advantage of welding fast at extremely high temperature. |
| Honing | Refers to the polishing process applied to the inner surface of cylinder using grinding stone after completion of basic grinding to improve precision and smoothness. |
| Hoop | Generally it refers to the steel bands with thickness less than 3mm and width less than 500mm. Those over 500 mm width is called strip. |
| Hot Forging | The products forged and formed at above re-crystallization temperature. |
| Hot Roll | Refer to "Roll" |
| Hydrogen Embrittlement | When steel is contaminated by hydrogen, the small cracks will appear in between atoms and the steel becomes fragile. Though the tough pitch copper only contains 0.02% to 0.05% of hydrogen, when it is heated over 400 ℃ in the air containing high concentration of hydrogen, the oxidized copper is reduced and steam will be produced which result in small cracks. (While, the highly tensile steel and/or ferritizing steels become fragile, it does not happen to austenite stainless and oxygen free copper. |
| Hydrostatic Test | Normal mill test as required by specifications. The pipe ends are sealed and high pressure water is introduced to predetermined pressures as required by specifications. |
I
| IEC (International Electrotechnical Commision) |
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|---|---|
| Impact Strength | The resistance that the material shows against force created by impact. |
| Impact Test | It measures the resistance of the material toward impact. The tensile strength and brittleness can be measured. Especially useful to assess brittleness. Shelpee impact test or Izot impact test are well known. |
| Ingot | Ingots are produced by injecting molten material into a mold refining. They are divided into slabs and billets for hot rolling and hot pushing. |
| Injection Mold | The material to be formed is poured into the molds and mostly used for the plastic. However, recently it can be used for stainless or other alloys. |
| Inter-granular Boundary | Metal consists of crystalline granules. The border between two crystalline is so called inter-granular boundary. There is a width in inter-granular boundary. Within crystalline, atoms are alined in an orderly fashion but for the neighboring crystalline, the direction of atom alignment is not the same, between neighboring crystalline, there is a filed where atoms are at their high energy state due to being out of alignment, so called active state. |
| Inter-granular Corrosion | The formation of deposit within inter-granules. Due to the lack of atoms around the deposition, the corrosion proceeds faster. In stainless metal, there is a deposition of Cr and it frequently observed at high temperature range of 600 to 800℃. Inter-granular corrosion is common among nickel alloys and aluminum alloys. In aluminum alloys, the product number 2000 have high occurrence of inter-granular corrosion and it is also seen with 7000, 5000 products. |
| Internal Stress | Refer to "Remnant stress" |
| Ion Chromatograph | Ion chromatograph analyzes the inorganic cation and anion stability and content and creates data based on ppb-ppt values. |
| Ironing | The process to push out the shape of cans or pots through the basic plates. The deep ironing is done by several processes. The spinning with spatulas is used for the pots with many curved surface. |
| Ironing Workability | The easiness to push out the shape of container through the metal plates. |
| ISO | International Organization for Standard, Abbreviation |
J
| JIS | Japan Industrial Standards, Abbreviation |
|---|---|
| Jominy method | The test to assess the degree of quenching. The band indicating between the maximum and minimum value is called "H band" |
K
no words
L
| Lapping | After treatment with a grinding machine, the processed products are grinded with lapping liquid in order to improve smoothness and measurement precision. There are dry and wet lapping methods. |
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| Laser Beam Cutting | Cutting metal using laser beam. It can be used in cutting non-metal. It is also called laser cutting. |
| Liquid Honing | Abrasive treatment used to clean the surface finish using jet wash using liquid with abrasive compound. It is often performed prior to acid wash. |
| LN2 Blow | To blow gaseous Liquid Nitrogen N2 without any contamination such as particles, water, and oil. |
M
| Machinability | Indication of the machinability. Material having the low machinabilities are SUS 304, pure aluminum and copper. In order to improve machinability, elements such as Pb, Bi, S, Se, P, and T are mixed. SUS 303, A2011 machinable copper, and machinable yellow coppers are the representative examples. |
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| Magnetic Body | When magnetism is put closer the material which repulse is called diamagnetic material while the material which absorbs magnetism is called paramagnetic material. These two materials are industrially called magnetic body. When the material has strong attractions to the magnetic it is called ferromagnetic compared to non-magnetic body. Austenite steel, copper, and aluminum alloy are non-magnetic bodies. Deposition hardening stainless steels are ferromagnetic bodies. |
| Magnetic Particle | One of several methods of non destructive testing. A non destructive method of inspection for determining the existence and extent of possible defects in ferromagnetic materials. Finely divided magnetic particles, applied to the magnetized part, are attracted to and outline the pattern of and magnetic leakage fields created by discontinuities. |
| Manifold | Refers to the parts of hydraulic equipment, gas equipment and air pressure machine, which collect or diverge tubes with relatively small diameters. |
| Martensite - Martensite Stainless Steel | It is a quenched material made by quickly cooling quenched austenite containing oversaturated carbon. γ iron made by face-centered cubic lattice changes to iron made by body-centered cubic lattice due to quick cooling. Martesite consists of specula like small composition and it has the hardest composition among quenched steels having very strong magnetic substance. Therefore austenite stainless steel is induced to have martensite property due to processing, it will sustain magnet city. Martensite stainless steel is steel with high Cr content with martensite property, and it is a strong magnetic substance with superior hardness thus often used for knives. Though hard, it is also brittle and less resistant to corrosion, less being able to weld, and less workable compared to austenite stainless steel. |
| Mechanical Properties | Refers to the mechanical properties such as repulsion, non-repulsion, stress and distortion, tensile strength, hardness, and tolerance observed under application of force. |
| Melting Point | The temperature at which the material melts. Metals having higher bounding strength is resistant to heat and has higher melting point (Tungsten W 3210℃ - Sternum Sn 232℃) Lead 327℃, Zinc 419℃, Stainless Steel 1420℃, Nickel 1453℃, Iron 1535℃, Titanium 1668℃ |
| Metallic Gauze | Knitted metal wires. Generally referred as mesh. Several different types of designs are available. |
| MIG Welding Metal Inert Gas Arc Welding |
The same as "TIG Welding", it is one type of arc welding. Wires (solid wire containing deoxidizing agents such as silicon and manganese or other suitable wires) are used as electrodes creating arc between wires and the base materials to weld. Electrode wires are used in MIG welding instead of the welding stick used in TIG welding. As well as TIG welding, tt can be applied to the wide range of material such as stainless steel, nickel alloy, titanium alloy, copper, aluminum alloy and steel. |
| Milled Finish | Refer to "Rolling" |
| Modules of Rigidity G | G(Modules of Rigidity)=τ(strength applied)/γ (strain) （kgf/mm²） or τ=γＧ |
| Modulus Of Elasticity | It is also called Young's Module. Coiled or rubbers try to regain the original shape after being stretched. This is called elasticity and until it reaches the limit of this elasticity = [Elasticity Limit], it tries to elongate proportional to the increase of applied stress. (Hooke's Law). This is called proportional limit ( very similar to Elasticity limit) When the material obeys Hooks' Law, the proportional coefficient between the vertical stress ( the stress σ) and elongation (deformation c) is called longitudinal elastic modulus E. The larger the E, the smaller the elongation become for the same applied stress. E=σ/c (kgf/mn) |
| Modulus of Section | The ratio of the moment of inertia of the cross section of a beam undergoing flexure to the greatest distance of an element of the beam from the neutral axis. |
| Modulus of Transverse Elasticity | Refer to "Modules of Rigidity" |
| Mold Base | All-inclusive term for the metal molds used for injection shape forming. Referring to the plates sets consisting of cavity (female), core (male), plates (A・B plate), receiving plate, spacer block, eject plate upper lower, forming machine and plates for attachment and supporting bins. YH75, aluminum alloy with high mechanical strength having approximately the same hardness as S55C is three time more workable and light weight so that cost down is possible by improving shot cycle of forming process. |
N
| Natural Ageing | Refer to "Age Hardening","Deposition Hardening" |
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| Natural Color Coat | The coating which has natural color from the material or electrochemical reactions without using any artificial colors. |
| Non-Heat-Treatable Alloy | One type of aluminum alloy which obtain their hardness by cold roll or other cold treatment and expanded material such as type #1000, 3000, 4000, and 5000 are considered to be this type of alloys. However, even though they are non-heat treatable alloy, annealing or other heat treatment may be done. Usually the material type is indicated Hxx or Hxxx except O type. [Non-Heat-Treatable ALloy]↔[Heat Treatable Alloy] |
| Normalization | Also known as normalizing. It is to exclude remaining stress created by rolling, forging, and casting, and to improve mechanical strength and/or fracture toughness by refining enlarged crystalline grains. For steel, it is heated to 800℃ ～900℃ (austenizing temperature) and then air cooled. |
O
| O2 Passivation | O2 Passivation is the treatment to improve the resistance to corrosion by heating stainless steel at low grade temperature and oxidizing the surface by pure oxygen while controlling the gas emitting from the surface. It creates approximately 5 times the thickness of the regular oxidative coat. |
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| Outdoor Exposure Test | In order to find out the resistance to erosion in the atmospheric environment, the piece to be tested is left outdoor and exposed. |
P
| Particle | One of the contamination material, dust particles size of above 0.1μm are tested and counted in the certain content. |
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| Passivation | Iron becomes more corroded in the nitric acid solution as the concentration of nitric acid increases; however, it stops around the concentration of 65%. This is due to the formation of the passivasive coat on the surface of the iron. This coat is very easily recovered if the iron is scratched in the nitric acid solution. The iron is not corroded even in the strong nitric acid solution, and it shows almost as strong resistance against corrosion as platinum. By making iron into iron alloy by adding chrome and/or nickel, the passivation coating become more durable and stable. This invisible protective coat is extremely precise, adhesive, and flexible, which attach itself to the bare metal stainless steel, forming an even thin chemically stable coating thus the bare metal is protected from corrosion. In the neutral or nitric acid solution, the passivation of the stainless steel is very stable and the coating is reformed quickly if parts are destructed by scratches. |
| Passivation Treatment | The methods to form the passivation coat on the stainless steels are; 1) Submerge in the nitric acid or other strongly acidic solutions. 2) Using the liquid containing oxidative agents and apply anode. 3) In the clean oxygen or air and using low grade heat. (Refer to O2 Passivation) |
| Peeling | After heat treatment, the black residue on the surface of the steel rods are peeled just like peeling an apple. After peeling shiny surface will appear. The majority of the round stainless steel rods of 20φ～150φare peeled. |
| Pin Hole | Refers to the small air hole created during solidification process by gas absorbed by the molten metals during forging. It is often observed in welded parts. |
| Pinion | A gear with a small number of teeth designed to mesh with a larger wheel or rack |
| Pitting corrosion | A type of inter-joint corrosion, and also called "Point corrosion". It happens when the passive coating of the stainless steel or aluminum is exposed to the organic molecules or chloride ions and the part of the coating is destroyed that those ions diffuse into the inner part and cause corrosion. |
| Planer Finish | Finish the surface with planer. |
| Plasma arc | Arc having plasma poles converged by electromechanically. It is used to generate high density heat. There are two kinds of plasma arcs, Transfer arc creates arc between the basic material and electrode, while Non transfer arc creates arc between the electrode and nozzle inside the torch. |
| Plasticity | When a clay is pressed or bent, it sustain that form. This character is called plasticity. Generally metals have high plasticity and therefore, it is easy to shape metals by roll, pullout, extrusion, press bend, squeeze, and forge. (Plasticity↔Elasticity) |
| Plating | It is one of the most well known surface process of metals and generally used for irons and other non-metals. There are three different kinds of plating, in electric plating, the item to be coated is electrolyzed as an anode in the plating liquid and induce precipitation of metal plating on the surface. In non-electric plating, the item to be coated is submerged in the metallic salt solution and reduced by metal ions in the solution as reducing agent. In hot-dip plating, the item to be coated is dipped in the molten metal. The purpose of plating is to improve aesthetic, resistance to abrasion and erosion. Chromium plating and nickel plating are representative of plating. |
| Poisson Ratio ν | When the rod is pulled it will stretch longitudinally while shrink sideways. For the identical material, the ratio of the sideway distortion to the longitudinal distortion is the same. This is ratio is called Poisson ratio. V=ε１／ε ＊The inverse number of V is called Poisson ratio and is indicated by m. |
| Press Quenching | Quenching the material while pressing it. |
| Pressure Forging | Also called forging press. While forging uses impact shocks to form metals, forming with pressure forging slowly apply force to the metal that the force is applied to the inner part of the metal. |
| Processing Rate (%) | It is also called "Cold Processing Rate". Work hardening changes based on the degree of processing. Generally when processing rate increases, hardness and breaking strength while stretch ability decreases. |
| PSI | Pounds per square inch gage. |
| Punch | The movable part which pushes a metal piece into dice for plate drawing, coiling, and punching. |
| Punching Metal | Metallic mesh made by punching out with pressure. Widely used for decoration and covering. |
| Purified Water | Refers to the purified water used to wash semi-conductive pipes and joints. The purified water almost having theoretical resistance of 18MΩ・cm. |
Q
| Quenching | Refers to the cooling of heated and retained metal with water at room temperature or oil at temperature of 60℃ to 80℃. Quenching of knives are well known, and it improves hardness and resistance to abrasion while it has disadvantage of making metal brittle. It often causes cracking and distortion as well. |
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R
| REACH | Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH)" is a European Union Regulation of 18 December 2006. REACH addresses the production and use of chemical substances, and their potential impacts on both human health and the environment. Its 849 pages took seven years to pass, and it has been described as the most complex legislation in the Union's history and the most important in 20 years. It is the strictest law to date regulating chemical substances and will affect industries throughout the world. REACH entered into force in June 2007, with a phased implementation over the next decade. |
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| Recrystallization | The material processed by cold treat and become hard due to work hardening becomes soft when heated to the certain temperature. This is due to the deformed crystalline after treatment re-crystallize into small polygons and the crystalline become stable. This phenomenon is called "Recrystallization" and the temperature at which this phenomenon takes place is called "Recrystallization temperature". Annealing is the process in which the material is heated above the recrystallization temperature and then cooled. |
| Recrystallization Temperature | Generally, the more processed the metal is, the lower the recrystalliztaion temperature become. The recrystallization temperature is also influenced by the impurity content and the alloy elements. Lead and Sternum recrystalize at the room temperature and thus do not show work hardening properties. |
| Reduction of Area | The smallest area A minus the original area A0 divided by the original area Ao x100% in the tensile test. |
| Reformation | Reformation performed by application of stress with tension leveler and roll leveling of by application of stretching force by stretchers in order to improve the straightness and/or flatness of the plates, tubes, and rods. Both applications may be used simultaneously. |
| Residual Stress | It is also called "Inner stress". For the cast metal, the molten metals will solidify from the surface and inner part solidify the last. The inner part tries to shrink and creates tensile stress. Such stress remaining inside the metal is called residual stress. Also in the cold treatment, the inner part of the metal hold stress which becomes residual stress. This residual stress can induce deformation or cracking and be problematic. In order to relieve this stress annealing is usually done. Also by pulling, residual stress can be partially relieved. |
| Rivet | Heavy pin having a head at one end and the other end being hammered flat after being passed through holes in the pieces that are fastened together |
| RO Water | Water from "Reverse Osmosis". Process in which pure water is produced by forcing waste or saline water through a semipermeable membrane. |
| Rockwell Hardness Test | Press force hardness measured by using either a diamond indenter with edge apex angle of 120℃ (HR A scale, C scale, D scale) or a steel ball indenter (HR, B scale, F scale G scale). First, standard press force is applied and then the deepness of indentation is measured the hardness is assessed accordingly. |
| Rod | Rod made from wire rod. |
| Rolet Material | Rod with cross sectional shape of gear with vertical seam or grate seam made by rolling process. It can be used for decoration, clamp, and slip resistance arbor. |
| Rolling | Forming and flattening the material by using two round roll. Any metal products formed by this method is called rolled products. It is also called milling. Rolling at temperature above re-crystallization is called hot rolling. Thick plates, stainless steel angles, channels, round, square, flat rods are made by hot rolling. On the other hand, rolling at temperature below re-crystallization is called cold rolling. It is mostly used for thin plate production. |
| Rolling Seam | Aluminum alloy or stretched copper plate have small seam made by metal rolling process. It is called rolling steam. Because the metal crystalline are aligned as the same direction as this rolling seam, when bent, it should be bent in the direction perpendicular to the rolling seam. When cutting, the longitudinal section should be aligned with rolling seam direction to prevent any straining or deformation. |
| Root bend test | A test performed to make the back side of welded joint to be the pulling side. |
| Rough Peeling | When peeling stainless steel rod section, the peeling material used is large circle with over 150φ roughness is called rough peeling compared to the regular peeling. |
S
| Salt Spray Test | Enhanced corrosion test of metal materials. The metal with final surface finish is exposed to the salt water under regulated condition and resistance to corrosion is measured. |
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| Sand Blast | The polishing method done by blowing the sands or particles of polishing agents by using the compressed air or centripetal force. |
| Sand Mold | Molds made by sand and there are dry and wet molds. Sand molding is easy to manipulate and large products can be made easily. |
| Schedule | Numbers assigned to different wall thicknesses of pipe (i.e. sch. 40) |
| Seam Welding | The basic material is inserted in between two roller electrodes and the electrodes are rotated while stress and current are applied and the material is welded. It can be considered as continuous spot welding. Seam welding is suitable for attaching think plates and is one type of welding using resistance. |
| Seamless Tubes | The seamless tubes produced by rolling, extrusion, or pushing though with steel ingots or steel pieces. They can be also produced by machines. The seamless tubes made by pulling out in cold are called cold treatment seamless tubes. |
| Segregation * Normal Segregation * Abnormal Segregation |
When alloys with alloy elements or/and impurities are forged, they solidify from outer surface toward inside. While solidifications, the material having lower melting points and/or impurities collect in the center. This phenomenon is called segregation (normal segregation). On the other hand, with a rapid cooling of the alloys with gas or pressure, the material having lower melting points and/or impurities collect toward outside is called abnormal segregation. |
| Service Hair | It is commonly seen surface finish for the stainless (c) flat rods and usually two sides (sometimes all four sides) the HL polish (3150-#250 polish) is applied in the longitudinal direction. In order to distinguish from HL flat rod, it is called service hair. |
| Shaft | Refers to the axis of rotation in machines and cars. Also refers to the long pedicle of tools and industrial tools. |
| Sharing Strength | The maximum strength of destruction applied to the material when material is being sheared. Indicated per shearing area (mm²) N/mm² (kgf/mm²) |
| Shearing Work | The condensation of sheering stress to cut material. The material to be cut is inserted in between two tools and the tools are pressed down. Shearing and punching is the representative examples. The tools used to press down the material are made of blades for shearing while they are punch and dice for punching. |
| Shore Hardness Test HS | Rebound strength. It can be measured for many different material without restriction of metal or non-metal. The measurement is performed by dropping hummer from certain height on the piece of material to be tested, and the height of rebound is measured using proportional values. Generally, d type test is performed with hummer weight of 36.2gf and dropping height of 19mm. |
| Shot Blasted Surface | Polish done by blasting shots (steel grains) or cut wires on the material. It is done to improve aestheticism and base for the paint prior to acid wash. |
| Skin Pass | Light rolling process after annealing acid wash in order to improve surface finish, precision in measurement or the shape of the tubes or bands. The surface finish is similar to 2B products. |
| Slab | Also called "cake". It refers to the thick flat plate shaped ingot. It is differentiated from the cylinder shaped billet. |
| Slag | The non-metallic compound made during the refining process of mineral ore with medium. Usually they are the mixture of acid oxide and alkaline oxide. (Examples SiO2 CaO). When holes are created during forging process, they can become defect of ingots. |
| Slit | Cut plate parallel to the roll direction. |
| Small Plate Cut Length | Generally for copper and brass it is 365mm wide x 1200mm length. For phosphorous bronze and albata it is 180mm wide x 1200mm. For aluminum it is 400mm wide x 1200mm length. There is no small plate cut length for stainless steels. |
| SMLS | Seamless. |
| S-N diagram | The graph showing the stress S(N/mm²) applied to the material on the axis of ordinate and the repeated number N on the axis of abscissas at the durability test. |
| Solid Wire | Wire without hollow center |
| Solution Heat Treatment | Please refer to "Solution heat treatment". For aluminum alloy, it refers to solid solution hardening. It is a heating treatment in which metal alloys are heated to the temperature to become solid solution at which atoms are in solution and then quickly cooled in order to make the atoms dispersed at room temperature. |
| Solution Treatment | Generally the higher the temperature, the easier alloy element melt into the base metal. Therefore, after heating the solution based on the alloy element and cooling it rapidly, no deposition is observed because the alloy element melt into the base metal. This is called solution treatment. For austenite stainless steel, JIS classifies the mechanical characteristics based on the solution treatment. For non metal (especially aluminum alloy) it is called "Melting treatment" or "Annealing treatment". Solution treatment ： Stainless Steels 1000℃ to 1100℃ Aluminum Alloys 450℃ to 550℃ |
| Specific Conductivity | Refers to the electric conductivity, which is the reciprocal of the electric resistance |
| Specific Heat | The amount of heat need to raise the temperature of 1g of water for 1℃ （cal/g℃） |
| Specific Resistance | The resistance of material having cross sectional area of 1cm³. The reciprocal is called electric conductivity. Generally it increases as the temperature increases （μΩ/cm）. |
| Spot Welding | The welding using electric in which two basic materials are put together and their edges are clumped by the electrodes and relatively small electric current and pressure are applied. |
| Spring Back | When steel plates are bent, they tend to go back to their original shape slightly due to their elasticity. This phenomenon is called spring back. To avoid it, the bending diameter can be set small and add tensile pressure to induce tensile deformation. Generally if the smaller the yield point, the smaller the spring back. It is hardly observed for the materials having the yield point less than 196N/mm²（20kgf/mm²）. Commonly seen among material with the yield point over 216 to 226Ｎ/mm²（22 to 23kgf/mm²） |
| Stabilization of Austenite | The phenomenon in which austenite become stable and least likely to become martensite. |
| Stainless Steel | Steel alloy made by adding chrome and/or chrome and nickel in order to improve corrosion resistance. Generally the steel containing chrome over 11% is called stainless steel, which can be further divided into Martensite, Ferrite, Austenite, Ferrite-Austenite, and Deposition Hardening types. |
| Steel Castings | The steel is put in the casting mold and formed into the shapes. |
| Stress | Stress=Force applied divided by the surface area which force was applied. N/mm²（kgf/mm²） |
| Stress Corrosion Cracking | Refers to the cracking caused by the tensile stress applied in the corrosive environment. The similar cracking is often observed among austenite steels and aluminum alloys (especially alloys with high mechanical strength) influenced by chlorine ions. Also it may be also seen among yellow coppers due to the parts under the influence of tensile stress caused by residual remnant strain after cold process exposed to the ammonium in the atmosphere. It is referred to as [Age cracking] and [Delayed cracking] both refer to stress corrosion cracking. Either one can be prevented by annealing to release the remnant stress or applying the surface treatment. |
| Stress Relieving | The annealing process to release the remnant stress created by forging, and/or annealing. |
| Stress Resistance | Refers to the strength to withstand repeated stress and it is indicated as Stress resistance. Stress resistance divided by tensile strength is called fatigue ratio. |
| Stress-Strain Curve | Also called "S (Stress) -S (Strain) - Curve". In the tensile test, the stress applied is indicated on the axis of ordinate and the strain (elongation) is indicated on the horizontal axis. The graph shows the tensile strength, breakdown point, resistance and elastic limit. |
| Strip | Refers to the band steel, and the band steel over 500mm width is called strip. One less that 500mm width is called hoop. |
| Subzero Cooling | Refers to the rapid cooling of the material to sub zero temperature immediately after the annealing. For the steel, it is the process performed to improve hardness by excluding the residual austenite. It prevents the age distortion. Also called as "Deep cooling treatment". |
| Super Alloy | Alloys with total iron content less than 50%. In order to improve the steel's corrosion and heat resistance, large quantity of alloy elements are added. |
| Surface Finished Plate | The plates polished after rolling process. |
| Surface Modification | Baking by applying several hundred degree of heat or Dry passivation are considered to be surface modification. Refer to O2 Passivation, EP, and Passivation. |
| Surface Roughness | The degree of uneveness on the surface of the products. It is indicated by the roughness at the centerline (Ra), the max hight (Rmax), ten points roughness (Rz) taken from several parts of the product surface selected at random. It is often used for the machine processed products, but recently it is especially indicated for the highly cleaned products. |
| SUS | SUS refers to Steel, Use, and Stainless. |
| Swaging | Tapering process using rods or tubes is called swaging.（Ex:Aluminum bat for baseball） |
T
| Tempering ＊Low Temperature Tempering ＊High Temperature Tempering ＊Tempering Brittleness |
Reheating the quenched materials to appropriate temperature and cooling them down is called tempering. The purpose of tempering to improve the hardness and britleness and also to release the remnant stress caused by quenching. For alluminum alloys, tempering is considered to be the same as artificial age-hardining. The reheating temperature range of 150 to 200℃ followed by air cooling is called low temperature tempering and it typically releases the reminant stress while preventing cracking and measurement alterlation. Low temperature tempering is thus often used for knives and tools made by steels with high carbon content to improve resistance toward abrasion and to increase hardness. The reheating temperature over 400℃ followed by rapid cooling with water or oild is called high temeprature tempering and it especially improves toughness property. Reheating at the temeperature range between 200 to 400℃, steels become britle while hardining and this phenomenon is called tempering britleness. For high P, N containing steels such as Ni-Cr and Mn steels, tempering britleness is observed when those are reheated over 600℃ and cooled around 550℃. |
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| Tensile Strength | The tensile strength Refers to the value calculated by the maximum stress applied (W ma) x divided by the original cross sectional area of the material measured in the tensile strength test. Generally as the tensile strength increases, the hardness of the material increases. |
| Tensile Test | The tensile test is performed in order to obtain the yield point, proof strength, tensile strength, elasticity, and drawing capacity based on JISZ2241-1980, and proof strength, tensile strength, and elasticity are indicated on the mill sheets. The proportional limit, elasticity limit and coefficient of elasticity can be also obtained. |
| Tension Leveler | The machine to level tension. |
| Thermal Conductivity | The amount of heat conducted through 1 cm distance via 1ｃ㎡ cross sectional area for １℃. The larger the number, the better the thermal conductivity. Cal/℃・cm・sec or (cgs) |
| Thermal Fatigue Strength | It refers to the resistance against thermal fatigue caused by repeated application of heat stress originated by alternating temperature. |
| TOC - Total Organic Carbon | Refers to the "Total Organic Carbon". The contamination is measured based on the carbon content. A minute amount of oil residue can be tested by using TOC analysis. |
| Tolerance | Specified allowance (plus or minus) of the given dimension of a finished product due to inaccuracies in manufacturing; usually quite small (thousandths of an inch or very small percentage) and often part of a standard such as JIS or ASTM. |
| Toughness | Particular elasticity is called toughness. It does not relate to the elongation in the tensile strength test, it shows resistance to impact; therefore, the larger the number in the impact test, the more tough the material is. |
| Tubes | Steel shaped into cylinders. There are tubes without joint and with joint made by welding. |
| Tungsten Inert Gas Arc Welding | Creating arc between Tungsten electrode and the basic material in the inert gas, and by using the arc heat, melting and welding the basic material and welding stick. A kind of arc welding. Because Argon is used as the inert gas, it is also called as Argon welding. It can weld films and very thin plates. It can be used for aluminum alloys, non iron metals, stainless steels, 9% Ni steels, and many other metals. |
U
| Ultrasonic | An electronic method of non destructive testing utilizing sound waves. |
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V
| Vacuum | The space which is filled with the air pressure less than atmospheric pressure, defined by JIS. When a space is confined and if the space is filled with air pressure which is less than atmospheric pressure, it is considered to be vacuum space. Absolute vacuum is of course, no air at all. |
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| Vacuum Based Deposition | Evaporate metal or alloy in the high vacuum environment, inducing deposition on the base top. By this method, one can induce deposit of metal on the non-conductive material such as cloths, paper, plastic, or glass. |
| Volume Elasticity Coefficient Ｋ | Similar to the hydro pressure, the change in volume ΔV(mm³)when the stress (kgf/mm²) is applied to the surface area of the material minus the original volume (mm³) is called distortion (ℇν). The volume distourtion （εν） is called Volume elasticity coefficient K＝p/εν(kgf/mm²). |
W
| Wear Resistance | It is closely related to the hardness and generally the harder the material is the more wear resistance it has. In order to improve wear resistance, increase carbon content or add Cr. W and V to the steel. Increasing the surface hardness by heat treatment or surface treatment is another way to improve the hardness. For axle bearing, usually the material with high wear resistance is used. |
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| Wire Cut | Discharge electricity between two running wires with 0.02 to 0.35mm diameter electrodes (Yellow copper wire and work surface, and obtain thread like lineation). The liquid used in this processing method is pure water filtered through an ion-exchange resin. |
| Work Hardening | Also called "Distortion hardening". Except special metal like lead, when stress is applied to the metals, the crystalline start to slide and the resistance of the sliding surfaces increase accordingly. The resistance then will spread to the neighboring crystalline. The more distortion created by the cold work, the harder the metals become due to increasing resistance. This hardening is called work hardening. The stainless steel plates, elongated copper products, and aluminum alloy plates without heat treatment are classified based on the degree of work hardening. |
| Work hardening coefficient (n value) | Indication of the drawing characteristic and also called "n value". Refers to n value in σ (force applied)=Cε (distortion) n at the range above yielding point. The higher n value, the more draw able the material due to improved localized shrinkage. |
Y
| Yield point | The stress at which the increase in the stress slows down while the elongation of the metal speeds up in the tensile strength test. The applied stress W is divided by the cross sectional area of the material is called Yield point. |
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| Yield Strength | Many non metallic substances does not have yield point, so yield strength is used instead. It refers to the value which the stress applied to make a 0.2 % permanent stretching of the material divided by the surface area (mm²)Ao N/mm²(kgf/mm²) |
| Young Modulus E | Refer to "Longitudinal elastic modulus" |
